BISE Rawalpindi Grade 9 Biology Notes Chap 3 Biodiversity

BISE Rawalpindi Grade 9 BiologyBISE Rawalpindi Grade 9 Biology MCQs, Conceptual Questions, Short Questions, Chapter 3, Class 9, Biology Notes Pdf Download free.

Biodiversity Grade 9 Important Mcqs BISE Rawalpindi

i) Classification means the grouping of organisms on the basis of;

• A. How they feed  
• B. The features they have in common
• C. How they respire
• D. How they can survive

ii) The kingdom Protista includes;

• A. Unicellular and simple multicellular organisms with prominent nucleus
• B. True multicellular organisms with no prominent nucleus
• C. True multicellular organisms with prominent nucleus
• D. Unicellular organisms with no prominent nucleus

iii) Viruses are not classified in any kingdom because;

• A. They are too poorly understood
• B. They are too small
• C. Their genetics cannot be determined
• D. They are not considered organisms

iv) Viruses are assigned to the kingdom;

• A. Monera
• B. Protista
• C. Fungi
• D. None of the above

v) A related group of genera comprises;

• A. An order
• B. A family
• C. A class
• D. A phylum

vi) In which kingdom would you classify unicellular eukaryotes?

• A. Fungi and Plantae 
• B. Fungi and monera
• C. Only Protista  
• D. Only Fungi

vii) In binomial nomenclature, the first letter of the ___________    name is  capitalized

• A. Family
• B. Class
• C. Species
• D. Genus

viii) Which one of the following sequences shows the correct hierarchy of classification, going from the smaller to the bigger group?

• A. Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family, Genus, Species
• B. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species 
• C. Genus, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Order, Class, Family
• D. Species, Genus, Family, Class, Order, Phylum, Kingdom

ix) Which of the following may be the correct way of writing the scientific name of an organism:

• A. Canis lupis
• B. Saccharum
• C. Grant’s gazelle
• D. E. Coli

x) A certain organism is multicellular, adapted for photosynthesis, and has multicellular sex organs. To which kingdom does it belong?

• A. Animalia
• B. Fungi 
• C. Plantae
• D. Protista

xi) Species that are in the same_____ are more closely related than,

• A. Phylum … class 
• B. Family … order
• C. Class … order
• D. Family … genus

xii) When the last member of a particular species dies, the species is said to be_____.

• A. Established
• B. Extinct
• C. Threatened
• D. Endangered

xiii) In which season Houbara bustard migrates to Pakistan and settles here?

• A. Summer 
• B. Spring
• C. Autumn
• D. Winter

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Understanding The Concepts

Q.1) Relate the importance of biodiversity with natural ecosystem through examples.

Answer:
Importance of biodiversity in relation to natural ecosystem:

• Biodiversity provides food for humans.
• A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources. A wide range of industrial materials e.g building materials, fibers, dyes, resins, gums, adhesives, rubber, and oil are derived directly from plants.
• Biodiversity plays important role in making and maintaining ecosystems.
• It plays a part in regulating the chemistry of our atmosphere and water supply. Biodiversity is directly involved in recycling nutrients and providing fertile soils.

Q.2) Explain the aims and principles of classification, keeping in view its historical background.

Answer:
Aims of Classification:
   The branch of biology which deals with classification is called taxonomy and the branch which deals with classification and also traces the evolutionary history of organisms is known as systematics. The main aims of both these branches are;

• To determine similarities and differences among organisms so that they can be studied easily.
• To find the evolutionary relationships among organisms. 

Principles of Classification:
    Classification is based on the relationship amongst organisms and such relationship is got through similarities in characteristics. These similarities suggest that all organisms are related to one another at some point in their evolutionary histories. However, some organisms are more closely related than others. For example sparrows are more closely related to pigeons than to insects. It means that the former two have common evolutionary histories.
    When biologists classify organisms into groups and subgroups, the similarities are seen in external and internal structures and stages of development. Modern genetics Provides another type of information to taxonomists. The similarities and differences in the DNA of two studied organisms can be used for getting idea about similarities and differences in their structures and functions.

Q.3) Explain the base for establishing five kingdoms of living organisms.

Answer:
Five kingdom classification system:
   In 1937, E-Chatton suggested the terms of, “Procariotique” to describe bacteria and “Eucariotique” to describe animal and plant cells. In 1967, Robert Whittaker introduced the five-kingdom classification system. This system is based on;

• The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic and multicellular eukaryotic.
• The principal modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion.

    On this basis, organisms are classified into five Kingdoms: monera, protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia.
    In 1988, Margulis and Schwartz modified the five-kingdom classification of Whittaker. They considered genetics along with cellular organization and mode of nutrition in classification. They classified the organisms into the same five kingdoms as proposed by Whittaker.

Q.4) Justify why virus are excluded from the Five-Kingdom.

Answer:
Status of Virus:
    Viruses are at the borderline of living and nonliving. Due to their crystalline nature, they are considered as non-living. They are acellular i.e. they do not have cellular organization yet show some characters of living organisms (e.g. they possess DNA). Viruses contain either RNA or DNA, normally encased in a protein coat. They reproduce only in living cells, where they cause a number of diseases. They are not considered as organisms and thus are not included in the five-kingdom classification system. 

Q.5) Describe the aims and principles of binomial nomenclature.

Binomial nomenclature:
    Binomial nomenclature is the method of giving scientific names to living organisms. As the word “binomial” suggests, the scientific name of a species consists of two names: the first is genus name and the second one is the name of species. Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778 AD) first introduced and adopted the system of binomial nomenclature. His system spread rapidly and became popular. Many of his names are in use today.

Principles of binomial nomenclature:
    Some of the rules which are universally adopted while suggesting and documenting scientific names, are:

• Scientific names are usually printed in italics, such as Homo sapiens. When handwritten they are underlined.
• The first term (generic name) always begins with capital letter, while species name is never capitalized (even when derived from a proper name).
• The scientific name is generally written in full when it is first used. But when several species from the same genus are being listed, it may then be abbreviated by just using an initial for genus; for example Escherichia coli becomes E. coli.

Aims of binomial nomenclature:

• In biological research, common names cause many problems. Different regions have different names for the same organism. For example; common name of onion in Urdu is ‘Piyaz’ but in different regions of Pakistan it is also known as ‘ganda’ or ‘bassal’ or ‘vassal’. In other countries, it has other sets of names. In science, it is known with a single name as Allium cepa. In some cases, different organisms are called by the same common name. For example; the name ‘black bird’ is used for crow as well as for raven.
• Common names have no scientific basis. For example; a fish is a vertebrate animal wan fins and gills. But several common names of ‘The same’, ‘cray fish’, ‘jelly fish’, and ‘star fish’ do not fit the biologist’s definition of a fish.
• To avoid all these confusions, organisms are given scientific names by using binomial nomenclature. The value of this system is due to its widespread use and the stability of its names. In binomial nomenclature, every species can be unambiguously identified with just two words. The same name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding difficulties of translation.

Q.6) Explain the impact of human beings on biodiversity.

Impact of human beings on biodiversity:
    By 10,000 years ago there were about 5 million people on Earth. With the advancement in agriculture and industry, human Population began to grow rapidly. Today around 700 million people live on Earth.
    To improve the living conditions for 700 million humans, we are imposing serious threats to the survival of biodiversity. Habitat loss, deforestation, over-hunting, introduction or removal of species, pollution and climate change are the major causes of species extinction.

1-Deforestation:
   Deforestation means cutting down of trees for the conversion of a forest to non-forest land. The destruction of significant areas of forest has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.

Causes and effects of deforestation:
   Sometimes there is slow forest degradation and sometimes sudden and catastrophic clear-cutting for urban development. Deforestation can be the result of deliberate removal of forests for wood, agriculture or urban development.

• Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in the atmosphere. When there are no trees to keep soil in place, there are more chances of soil erosion. Heavy rainfall washes soil into rivers. Essential nutrients are washed out of the soil. Rivers become choked up with mud and silt, which can cause floods. The silted water gets stored in dams and it reduces their water storage capacity. Deforestation also contributes to decreased transpiration, which lessens cloud formation. This ultimately reduces the sources of rains.
• Forests support considerable biodiversity. The utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses and wood pulp for making paper. The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in developed and developing countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture often leads to loss of long-term income.
• Forests extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability. Forests are also valued for their aesthetic beauty and tourist attraction. These important aspects of forests are also harmed due to deforestation. In Pakistan too. deforestation is a great threat to biodiversity. In the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the closed canopy forests are shrinking at approximately 1% per year.

2-Over-hunting:
     Over-hunting has been a significant cause of the extinction of hundreds of species and the endangerment of many more such as whales, ibex, urial, markhor (the national animal of Pakistan) etc. Commercial hunting, both legal and illegal, is the principal threat.

Q.7) Identify causes of deforestation and its effects on biodiversity.

Deforestation:
   Deforestation means cutting down of trees for the conversion of a forest to non-forest land. The destruction of significant areas of forest has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.

Causes and effects of deforestation:
   Sometimes there is slow forest degradation and sometimes sudden and catastrophic clear-cutting for urban development. Deforestation can be the result of deliberate removal of forests for wood, agriculture or urban development.

• Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in the atmosphere. When there are no trees to keep soil in place, there are more chances of soil erosion. Heavy rainfall washes soil into rivers. Essential nutrients are washed out of the soil. Rivers become choked up with mud and silt, which can cause floods. The silted water gets stored in dams and it reduces their water storage capacity. Deforestation also contributes to decreased transpiration, which lessens cloud formation. This ultimately reduces the sources of rains.
• Forests support considerable biodiversity. The utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses and wood pulp for making paper. The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in developed and developing countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture often leads to loss of long-term income.
• Forests extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability. Forests are also valued for their aesthetic beauty and tourist attraction. These important aspects of forests are also harmed due to deforestation. In Pakistan too. deforestation is a great threat to biodiversity. In the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the closed canopy forests are shrinking at approximately 1% per year.

Q.8) Describe some of the programs running in Pakistan for the conservation of biodiversity.

    Following are the few programs of environmental work that has been carried out in Pakistan in order to conserve species and the associated habitats.

i.     National Conservation Strategy:
    In 1980’s the IUCN and the Government of Pakistan formulated the National Conservation Strategy for Pakistan for the conservation of Pakistan’s biodiversity.

ii.     UN convention on Combating Desertification (CCD):
    This is an international treaty against damage and poverty in dry lands. Pakistan signed this in 1997.

iii.   Himalayan Jungle Project (HJP):
    It started in 1991 in the Palas valley, in KPK. It aimed at protecting on of the richest areas of biodiversity in Pakistan.

iv.   Conservation of biodiversity of the Suleiman Range Balochistan:
   The Suleiman Range Chilghoza Forest is the largest chilghoza forest in the world. In 1992 the WWF-P started its conservation program.

v.    Northern Areas Conservation Project:
    The northern areas of Pakistan serve as a habitat for a number of wildlife species. The survival of these species is under threat. The NACP is a project of WWF-P which is successful in implementing a ban on hunting these species.

vi.  Conservation of migratory birds in Chitral, (KPK):
    Chitral lies on the migratory route of sveral important bird species. These birds face enormous hunting pressure. WWF-Pakistan initiated efforts to reduce the hunting pressure in 1992. The efforts proved successful.

vii.   Conservation of Chiltan Markhor :
    Hazarganji National Park is located close to Quetta and is the only remaining habitat of Chiltan Markhor in the country. WWF-Pakistan developed the management plan of the park.

viii.  Ban on games:
    Foreigners visit the northern areas and play many games in which bears are used. WWF-Pakistan has been successful in imposing a ban on this illegal practice. 

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Short Questions Class 9th Notes Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education Rawalpindi

Q.1) What is the difference between the modes of nutrition of fungi and animals?

Kingdom	Mode of nutrition
Fungi	It includes eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs which are absorptive in their nutritional mode e.g mushroom
Animalia	It includes eukaryotic multicellular consumers. The mode of nutrition is ingestive heterotroph.

Q.4) Differentiate between the terms “extinct” and “endangered”.

Extinct species	Endangered species
Extinct species are the species that are no longer alive and the last individual of that species has died in that ecosystem. Examples: Dinosaur We cannot do anything to save them as they are dead.	Endangered species are the species which are in danger of becoming extinct. Examples: African wild dog, tiger, blue whale, giant panda, snow leopard etc. We can do make strategies to save them.

Q.5) What are the contributions of Whittaker, Margulis, and Schwartz in taxonomy?

Robert Whittaker’s contributions:
    In 1967, Robert Whittaker introduced the five-kingdom classification system. This system was based on:

• The levels of cellular organization i.e. prokaryotic, unicellular eukaryotic, and multicellular eukaryotic.
• The principle modes of nutrition i.e. photosynthesis, absorption, and ingestion.

On this basis, organisms are classified into five kingdoms: monera, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia.

Margulis and Schwartz:
    In 1988, Margulis and Schwartz modified the five-kingdom classification of Whittaker. They considered genetics along with cellular organization and mode of nutrition in classification. They classified the organisms into the same five kingdoms as proposed by Whittaker.

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Activities

Q.1) Observer the distinguish taxonomic characters from fresh and preserved specimens and recognize plants and animals on the basis of these characters

Answer:
    Many biochemical, physiological, or behavioral characters may be at least as good as anatomical characters for discriminating between organisms.

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Science , Technology And Society

Q.1) Analyze the impact of human beings on biodiversity 

Impact of human beings on biodiversity:
    By 10,000 years ago there were about 5 million people on Earth. With the advancement in agriculture and industry, human Population began to grow rapidly. Today around 700 million people live on Earth.
    To improve the living conditions for 700 million humans, we are imposing serious threats to the survival of biodiversity. Habitat loss, deforestation, over-hunting, introduction or removal of species, pollution and climate change are the major causes of species extinction.

1-Deforestation:
   Deforestation means cutting down of trees for the conversion of a forest to non-forest land. The destruction of significant areas of forest has resulted in a degraded environment with reduced biodiversity.

Causes and effects of deforestation:
   Sometimes there is slow forest degradation and sometimes sudden and catastrophic clear-cutting for urban development. Deforestation can be the result of deliberate removal of forests for wood, agriculture or urban development.

• Deforestation affects the amount of water in soil and moisture in the atmosphere. When there are no trees to keep soil in place, there are more chances of soil erosion. Heavy rainfall washes soil into rivers. Essential nutrients are washed out of the soil. Rivers become choked up with mud and silt, which can cause floods. The silted water gets stored in dams and it reduces their water storage capacity. Deforestation also contributes to decreased transpiration, which lessens cloud formation. This ultimately reduces the sources of rains.
• Forests support considerable biodiversity. The utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, have played a key role in human societies. Today, developed countries continue to utilize timber for building houses and wood pulp for making paper. The forest products industry is a large part of the economy in developed and developing countries. Short-term economic gains made by conversion of forest to agriculture often leads to loss of long-term income.
• Forests extract carbon dioxide and pollutants from the air, thus contributing to biosphere stability. Forests are also valued for their aesthetic beauty and tourist attraction. These important aspects of forests are also harmed due to deforestation. In Pakistan too. deforestation is a great threat to biodiversity. In the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the closed canopy forests are shrinking at approximately 1% per year.

2-Over-hunting:
     Over-hunting has been a significant cause of the extinction of hundreds of species and the endangerment of many more such as whales, ibex, urial, markhor (the national animal of Pakistan) etc. Commercial hunting, both legal and illegal, is the principal threat.

Q.2) Associate advancement in scientific understanding with the classification of the organism to develop a more reliable system.

Answer:
  Technological advances have had a huge impact on biological classification systems over time, providing new information on biological connections between species past and present, the similarities between groups on data structures.
    The invention of and advances in microscopy have had a huge impact on the biological classification system and in particular the classification of prokaryotes. The invention of light microscopes led to the realization that all living things were made up cells. This was the start of the need for a classification system as all organisms were connected at one small, common cell which then branched out to create billions of different organisms and the idea of developing a system to connect all these pathways was conceptualized.
    In the 1950’s prokaryotic cells were discovered due to the creation of the electron microscope, demonstrating that while all organisms are made up of cells some are made of different kinds of cells. This led to a revision of the biological classification system as a separate Monera kingdom was created. In 1967 Fungi were identified as a separate, eukaryotic system and this showed there were differences not just between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells but also within eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. This eventually led to a revision of the classification system to become 5 Kingdom with the kingdoms Monera, Animalia, Plantae, Fungi and Protista, a system which classified organisms based on structural differences and whether they were prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
    Technological advances have and continue to lead to a developing and revisable classification system. As relationships, connections and similarities and differences between domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species are discovered the structure of biological classification systems is altered and bettered so that they can be of optimal use.

Q.3) Apply the knowledge of classification to assess the characteristics of the different organism when visit to zoos, herbaria, and gardens. 

Answer:
    There are at least five million species on Earth, and some scientists believe there could be double that number. A species is a group of animals that are more like each other than they are like any other group of animals. They can breed with each other but not with members of other species. A way of sorting through all those species is to organize them by similar properties, or characteristics. This process is called classification. The following is a list of properties for each group of animals.
Mammals:

• They give birth to their young and feed them with milk.
• They have hair on at least part of their body.
• They have four limbs with digits ending in claws, nails, or hooves (except whales).
• Mammals breathe with lungs.
• They are warm blooded.

Birds:

• They lay eggs with a hard shell.
• Their bodies are covered with feathers.
• They have a beak.
• Contains two legs.
• They have two wings used for flying (ostriches and penguins are flightless).
• Their bones hollow.
• They are warm-blooded.

Reptiles:

• They lay eggs with leathery shells or give birth to fully-formed young.
• They breathe with lungs.
• They are covered with scales.
• Have no legs or four legs with clawed toes.
• They are cold blooded.

Amphibians:

• They lay eggs, usually in a jelly-like mass in water.
• Breathing takes place with lungs, gills, and/or through their skin.
• They have smooth skin without coverings.
• They have four legs without claws or nails on toes.
• They are cold-blooded.

Insects:

• They have three body parts: head, thorax, and abdomen.
• They have a single pair of antennae on the head.
• They have three pairs of legs originating from the thorax.
• They often have wings and can fly.

Fish:

• They lay eggs without shells in water.
• They breathe with gills.
• Their bodies are covered with scales or smooth, leathery skin.
• They have fins but no legs or toes.
• They are cold-blooded.

Q.4) Explain the importance of binomial nomenclature in developing a  more comprehendible sharing of scientific research.

Answer:
Importance of Nomenclature:
    Nomenclature or more precisely the binomial nomenclature is of prime importance. The introduction of the Latin binomial by Linnaeus was seriously a revolutionary step towards assigning names to organisms.
    Some of the advantages of binomial nomenclature are provided below.

1. Helps in Communication:
    The most vital advantage of binomial nomenclature is the communicative ability. These binomials simply help in communication as these are internationally accepted and used all over the globe.

2. Eradicates Confusion:
    Significance In biological research, common names causes many problems. Different regions have different names for the same organism. For example; common name of onion in Urdu is ‘Piyaz’ but in different regions of Pakistan, it is also known as ‘ganda’ or ‘bassal’ or ‘vassal’. In other countries, it has other sets of names. In science, it is known with a single name as Allium cepa. In some cases, different organisms are called by the same common name. For example; the name ‘blackbird’ is used for crow as well as for raven.
    Common names have no scientific basis. For example; a fish is a vertebrate animal with fins and gills. But several common names of ‘silverfish’, ‘crayfish’, ‘jellyfish’, and ‘starfish’ do not fit the biologist’s definition of a fish. To avoid all these confusions, organisms are given scientific names by using binomial nomenclature. The value of this system is due to its widespread use and the stability of its names. In binomial nomenclature, every species can be unambiguously identified with just two words. The same name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding difficulties of translation. 

3. Grouping and Classification:
    It is through binomial nomenclature we can relate different organisms. By knowing the generic name one can access the family tree of particular organisms. For example, the genus Streptococcus contains multiple species like Streptococcus pneumonia, Streptococcus viridians, Streptococcus vestibularis etc.

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