Boards of Intermediate and Secondary Education Punjab Board Class 12, Part-2, FSc Physics Notes All Chapters #12 to #21 Pdf Download Now.
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #12 Electostatics
Define electrostatics
It is the branch of physics that deals with charges at rest, under the action of electric forces.
Describe electric charges.
It is the property of a material due to which it attracts or repels other bodies. In 1600 A.D. Gilbert showed that sonic of the substance when rubbed with others acquired the property of attraction. A similar property is observed when a glass rod is rubbed with silk or ebonite rod is rubbed with animal fur, they acquired the property of attracting the small bodies Franklin gave the name of positive charge on a glass rod rubbed with silk and negative charge on the ebonite rod rubbed with animal fur.
According to modern concepts, each substance consists of atoms, the atom has a central pan called the nucleus around which the electrons revolve. The nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons. The proton has a positive charge and the electron has a negative charge. So the atom on the whole is neutral. The total positive charge on the nucleus is equal to the total negative charge on the electrons
Read more: PTBB 1st Year Notes English
Thus when one metal is rubbed with another, sharing of electrons takes place. That is one loses electrons and the other gains electrons. When a glass rod is rubbed with silk, the rod loses electrons and silk gains electrons. As both were initially neutral. So the glass rod loses electrons gets a positive charge and the silk gains electron gets a negative charge.
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #13 Current Electricity
At the end of this chapter the students will be able to:
- Understand the concept of steady current.
- Describe some sources of current.
- Recognize effects of current.
- Understand and describe Ohm’s law.
- Understand resistivity and explain its dependence upon temperature. Know the value of resistance by reading colour code on it.
- Know the working and use of rheostat in the potential divider circuit. Describe the characteristics of thermistor.
- Use the energy considerations to distinguish between emf and p.d. Describe the conditions for maximum power transfer.
- Know and use the application of Kirchhoff’s first law as conservation of charge.
- Know and use the application of Kirchhoff’s second law as conservation of energy. Describe the function of Wheatstone Bridge to measure the unknown resistance. Describe the function of potentiometer to measure and compare potentials without
- drawing and coneM from the circuit.
Define current electricity.
The branch of physics which deals with charges in motion is called current electricity or cleamslynamics.
- A light bulb glows to the flow of &ark current.
- The current that flows through the coil of the motor that causes its shaft to rotate.
- Must of the des ices in the industry and in our homes operate with the current.
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #14 Electromagnetism
At the end of this chapter the students will be able to:
- Appreciate that a force might as on a current-carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field. Define magnetic flux density and the testa.
- Derive and use the equation F = BIL sin 0 with directions.
- Describe and sketch flux patterns due to a long straight wire.
- Define magnetic flux and the weber.
- Derive and use the relation th = B . A . Understand and describe Ampere’s law.
- Appreciate the use of Ampere’s law to find magnetic flux density inside a solenoid. Describe the deflection of beams of charged particles moving in a uniform magnetic field. Understand and describe the method to measure e/m.
- Derive the expression of torque due to the couple acting on a coil.
- Know the principle, construction and working of a galvanometer.
- Know how a galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter and an ammeter.
- Describe and appreciate the use of AVO meter/multimeter.
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #15 Electromagnetic Induction
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha # 16 Alternating Current
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #17 Physics of Solds
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #18 Electonics
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #19 Down of Modern Physics
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #20 Atomic Spectra
2nd Year Physics Notes Cha #21 Nuclear Physics
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