Physics 1st Year Notes All Chapters Pdf Download Punjab Board Eng Meidum syllabus. Contains solved Exercises, Long Questions, numerical, short questions, and MCQs with answers, to all chapters PDF Download.
Physics All Chapters Punjab Board Pdf Download
- Work and Energy
- Waves
- Vectors and Equilibrium
- Measurements
- Physical Optics
- Oscillations
- Optical Instrument
- Motion and Force
- Heat and Thermodynamics
- Fluid Dynamics
- Circular motion
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to: Understand what is Physics.
- Understand that all physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit. Describe and use base units, supplementary units, and derived units.
- Understand and use the scientific notation.
- Use the standard prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiplies or multiples to both bases and derived units.
- Understand and use the conventions for indicating units.
- Understand the distinction between systematic errors and random errors. Understand and use the significant figures.
- Understand the distinction between precision and accuracy.
- Use dimensionality to check the homogeneity of physical equations. Derive formulae in simple cases using dimensions.
INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS
Man has always been curious to know about things. He started to observe, think and wonder about the world around him. He tried to find ways to organize the disorder in observed facts about natural phenomena and material objects things in an orderly manner. His attempts resulted in the birth of a single discipline (Branch) of science, called natural philosophy.
Areas of Physics
- Mechanics
- Heat & thermodynamics
- Electromagnetism
- Optics
- Sound
- Hydrodynamics
- Special relativity
- General relativity
- Quantum mechanics
- Atomic physics
- Molecular physics
- Nuclear physics
- Solid-state physics
- Particle physics
- Superconductivity
- Super fluidity
- Plasma physics Magneto hydrodynamics
- Space physics
There was a huge increase in the volume of scientific knowledge up till the beginning of the nineteenth century and it was found necessary to classify the study of nature into two branches.
- (i) Biological Sciences.
- (ii) Physical Science.
Biological Sciences
The science which deals with living things such as botany, zoology etc is called biological sciences.
Physical Sciences
The science which deals with nonliving things such as chemistry, astronomy, geology etc is called physical sciences. Physics is an important and basic part of physical science besides its other disciplines such as chemistry, astronomy geology etc. Physics is an experimental science and the scientific method emphasizes the need for accurate measurement of different phenomena or of manmade objects.
Frontiers of Fundamental Science
At the present time, there are three main frontiers of fundamental science.
- The world of the extremely large, the universe itself, Radio telescopes now gather information from the far side of the universe and have recently detected, as radio waves, the “firelight” of the big bang which probably started off the expanding universe nearly 20 billion years ago.
- The world of extremely small, that of the particles such as electron, protons, neutrons, mesons and others.
- The world of complex matter, is also the world of “middle-sized” things, from molecules at one extreme to the earth at the other. This is all fundamental physics, which is the heart of science.
What is the role of physics in technology?
n ROLE OF PHYSICS IN TECHNOLOGY
Physics also plays an important role in the development of technology and engineering. Science and technology are potent forces for the change in the outlook of mankind. The information media and fast means of communications have brought all parts of the world in close contact with one another. Events in one part of the world immediately reverberate around the globe.
We are living in the age of information technology. The computer networks are products of chips developed from basic ideas of physics. The chips are made of silicon. Silicon can be obtained from the sand. It is up to us whether we make a sandcastle or computer out of it.
What do you mean by physical quantities? Also describe its types.
1 PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
The foundation of physics rests upon physical quantities in terms of which the laws of physics one expressed. Therefore the qualities have to be measured accurately.
All those quantities which can be measured are called physical quantities.
e.g., mass length, time, velocity, force, density temperature, electric current, volume, acceleration etc.
Physical quantities have been divided into two categories.
(i) Base quantities.
(ii) Derived quantities.
(i) Base Quantities
Base quantities are those quantities which cannot be defined in terms of other physical quantities. These are the minimum number of physical quantities in term of which other physical quantities can be defined. The typical examples of base quantities are length, mass and time.
(ii) Derived Quantities
Those physical quantities whose definitions are expressed in terms of other physical quantities are called derived quantities.
The examples of derived quantities are velocity, acceleration, force, momentum etc.
Measurement of Base Quantities
The measurement of base quantity is based on two steps.
(i) The choice of standard.
(ii) The establishment of a procedure for comparing the quantity to be measured with the standard so that number and a unit arc determined as the measure of that quantity.
Characteristics of an Ideal Standard
An ideal standard has two principal characteristics: It is accessible and it is invariable. These two requirements are often incompatible and a compromise has to be made between them.
Unit
To measure a physical quantity, a standard size of that quantity is required. This standard size is known as unit for that particular physical quantity.
What is international system of units?
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
are being used by world’s scientific community in all scientific works. The international system of units (SI) is built up from three kinds of units.
(1) Base units (2) Supplementary units (3) Derived units
What are base units? Define the base units of SI.
Ans. BASE UNITS
There are seven base units for various physical quantities namely; length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance (with special reference to the number of particles).
The name of base units for these physical quantities together with symbols are listed in table:
| Physical Quantity | SI Unit | Symbol |
| Length | Metre | m |
| Mass | Kilogram | Kg |
| Time | Second | s |
| Electric current | Ampere | A |
| Thermodynamic temperature | Kelvin | K |
| Intensity of light | Candela | cd |
| Amount of substance | Mole | mol |
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